It can be challenging to navigate the complex array of grounded theory approaches. Although these approaches have key similarities, they also are based on differing philosophical assumptions that influence the ways in which grounded theory methods are implemented (Charmaz, 2014, 2017). Grounded theory has a distinct history that has resulted in the development of numerous approaches. Methodologies evolve they are adapted to fit a changing historical or philosophical milieu (Ralph, Birks, & Chapman, 2015). One potential option is grounded theory, a qualitative research methodology that incorporates guidelines for simultaneous data collection and analysis to develop theories about social processes that are grounded in real-life experiences (Charmaz, 2006 Glaser & Strauss, 1967 McClement & Harlos, 2008 Strauss & Corbin, 1990). When planning a study, the researcher should thoughtfully choose an appropriate methodology based on an awareness of its philosophical underpinnings and its unique characteristics (McEwen & Wills, 2014 Morse, Barrett, Mayan, Olson, & Spiers, 2002 Ryan, 2018). Understanding the similarities and differences in the grounded theory approaches can facilitate methodological transparency and determine the best fit for one's study and worldview as a researcher.
Based on this analysis, three considerations are proposed to direct the methodological choice for a study: purpose, philosophy, and pragmatics. These characteristics included historical development, philosophical perspective, role of the researcher, data analysis procedures, perspective of the grounded theory, and strengths/critique. This work contributes to the existing literature through contrasting classic Glaserian grounded theory, Straussian grounded theory, and constructivist grounded theory in a systematic manner with prominent distinguishing characteristics developed from a review of the literature. The purpose of this discussion paper is to compare and contrast three widely used grounded theory approaches with key distinguishing characteristics, enabling a more thoughtful selection of approach. Although the approaches have key similarities, they also have differing philosophical assumptions that influence the ways in which their methods are understood and implemented. Grounded theory is a research methodology with a distinct history that has resulted in numerous approaches. This process can be challenging in the landscape of evolving qualitative methodologies. To rationalize the selection of a research methodology, one must understand its philosophical origins and unique characteristics.
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